COVID-19 — 🙀 Our Response 👊

BioWorld (2020). Biopharma Products in Development for COVID-19.

Max Roser, Hannah Ritchie and Esteban Ortiz-Ospina (2020). Our World in Data. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) – Statistics and Research.

Mark Parry et al. (2020). Intertek Whitepaper. Formulation of Biologics for Inhaled and Nasal Delivery [ PDF ].

Ed Yong (Aug 5). The Atlantic. Immunology Is Where Intuition Goes to Die.

Adam Rogers (July 16, 2020). Wired. Hydroxychloroquine Still Doesn’t Do Anything, New Data Shows.

Alexis C. Madrigal (July 15, 2020). The Atlantic. A Second Coronavirus Death Surge Is Coming.

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (July 15, 2020). ScienceMag. Common FDA-Approved Drug May Effectively Neutralize Virus That Causes COVID-19.

Sonia Shah (July 14, 2020). The Nation. It’s Time to Tell a New Story About Coronavirus—Our Lives Depend on It.

Brian Resnick (July 13, 2020). Vox. The debate over “airborne” coronavirus spread, explained.

James Hamblin (July 13, 2020). The Atlantic. A New Understanding of Herd Immunity.

Elliot Aronson and Carol Tavris (July 12, 2020). The Atlantic. The Role of Cognitive Dissonance in the Pandemic.

D. Clay Ackerly (July 12, 2020). Vox. My patient caught Covid-19 twice. So long to herd immunity hopes.

Yvan Prkachin and Lisa De Bode (July 11, 2020). Fast Company. Ventilators aren’t the coronavirus cure-alls we originally thought.

Kennedy Elliott and Nsikan Akpan (July 9, 2020). Nat. Geo. How the new coronavirus surges compare to New York City’s peak.

Kewen Qian and Shi Hu (July 7, 2020). mAbs 12:1. Ig-like ACE2 protein therapeutics: A revival in development during the COVID-19 pandemic [ PDF ].

Matthew Herper and Erin Riglin (July 6, 2020). STAT. Data show panic and disorganization dominate the study of Covid-19 drugs.

Daniela Weiskopf, Katharina S. Schmitz, Matthijs P. Raadsen et al. (June 26, 2020). Sci. Immuno. Phenotype and kinetics of SARS-CoV-2–specific T cells in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome [ PDF ].

Daniela Hernandez, Sarah Toy and Betsy McKay (June 16, 2020). WSJ. How Exactly Do You Catch Covid-19? There Is a Growing Consensus.

Danny Westneat (June 12, 2020). The Seattle Times. Coronavirus survival comes with a $1.1 million, 181-page price tag.

Sorrento (June 5, 2020). Sorrento COVIDTRAP™(STI-4398) Demonstrates in Preclinical Studies its Ability to Completely Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Viral Infection In Vitro [ PDF ].

Megan Molteni (June 1, 2020). Wired. Meet ACE2, the Enzyme at the Center of the Covid-19 Mystery.

Brenda Goodman (May 23, 2020). MedicineNet. COVID-19 vs. Flu: Blood Clots in Lungs.

Rohan Ameratunga, Klaus Lehnert, Euphemia Leung, et al. (May 22, 2020). NZ Med. J. 133:1515. Inhaled modified angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a decoy to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 infection [ PDF ].

Atul Gawande (May 13, 2020). New Yorker. Amid the Coronavirus Crisis, a Regimen for Reëntry.

Erin Bromage (May 6, 2020). The Risks - Know Them - Avoid Them.

Christian A. Devaux, Jean-Marc Rolain and Didier Raoult (May 6, 2020). JMII:53 425-435. ACE2 receptor polymorphism: Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, hypertension, multi-organ failure, and COVID-19 disease outcome [ PDF ].

Bette Korber, Will Fischer, S. Gnana Gnanakaran, et al. (May 5, 2020). Spike mutation pipeline reveals the emergence of a more transmissible form of SARS-CoV-2 [ PDF ].

Susan Athey, Michael Kremer, Christopher Snyder and Alex Tabarrok (May 4, 2020). NY Times. In the Race for a Coronavirus Vaccine, We Must Go Big. Really, Really Big.

Stuart A. Thompson (April 30, 2020). NY Times. How Long Will a Vaccine Really Take?

Ariana Eunjung Cha (April 25, 2020). Washington Post. Young and middle-aged people, barely sick with covid-19, are dying of strokes.

Samantha Black (April 24, 2020). Sci. Adv. Board. Experts discuss promising strategies for tackling SARS-CoV-2.

Longping V. Tse, Rita M. Meganck, Rachel L. Graham and Ralph S. Baric (April 24, 2020). Front. Microbiol. The Current and Future State of Vaccines, Antivirals and Gene Therapies Against Emerging Coronaviruses [ PDF ].

Vanessa Monteil, Hyesoo Kwon, Patricia Prado et al. (April 24, 2020). Cell. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infections in engineered human tissues using clinical-grade soluble human ACE2 [ PDF ].

Richard Levitan (April 20, 2020). NY Times. The Infection That’s Silently Killing Coronavirus Patients.

Carolyn Y. Johnson (April 15, 2020). Washington Post. Chaotic search for coronavirus treatments undermines efforts, experts say.

Lennie Bernstein et al. (April 15, 2020). Washington Post. Coronavirus — It doesn’t just destroy your lungs.

Ed Yong (April 14, 2020). The Atlantic. Our Pandemic Summer.

Alex Philippidis (April 13). GEN. Vanquishing the Virus: 160+ COVID-19 Drug and Vaccine Candidates in Development.

Mark Perry (April 10, 2020). BioSpace. Companies Taking Very Different Approaches to ACE2-Focused COVID-19 Therapies.

Yung-Fang Tu, Chian-Shiu Chien, Aliaksandr A. Yarmishyn, et al. (April 10, 2020). IJMS 21:7. A Review of SARS-CoV-2 and the Ongoing Clinical Trials [ PDF ].

Crystal Watson, Anita Cicero, James Blumenstock et al. (April 10, 2020). Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. A National Plan to Enable Comprehensive COVID-19 Case Finding and Contact Tracing in the US [ PDF ].

Tom Frieden and Cyrus Shahpar (April 9, 2020). CNN. Virology in the time of coronavirus: What a difference a month makes — and the most important questions we still need to answer.

Joseph Walker and Jared S. Hopkins (April 9, 2020). WSJ. Haywire Immune Response Eyed In Coronavirus Deaths, Treatment.

Reid Wilson. (April 9, 2020). The Hill. Coronavirus mystery: Disease infects more women but kills more men.

Brian Resnick (April 8, 2020). Vox. Why do some young, healthy people die from Covid-19?

Xinling Wang, Wei Xu, Gaowei Hu et al. (April 7, 2020). Nature. SARS-CoV-2 infects T lymphocytes through its spike protein-mediated membrane fusion [ PDF ].

Joseph Walker et al. (April 6, 2020). WSJ. Inside the Race to Find a Coronavirus Cure.

Suryatapa Bhattacharya et al. (April 6, 2020). WSJ. In Critical Coronavirus Cases, Doctors Turn to Last-Ditch Lung Support.

Markian Hawryluk (April 6, 2020). Kaiser Health News. Mysterious Heart Damage, Not Just Lung Troubles, Befalling COVID-19 Patients.

Apeiron Biologics (April 6, 2020). ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04335136. Recombinant Human Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 (rhACE2) as a Treatment for Patients With COVID-19.

Konstantinos Farsalinos, Anastasia Barbouni, and Raymond Niaura (April 4, 2020). Qeios. Smoking, vaping and hospitalization for COVID-19.

Hannah Balfour (April 3, 2020). Drug Target Review. Decoy ACE2 receptors could be promising COVID-19 infection-preventing drug.

Bandera County Courier (April 3, 2020). Defuse the spines of the virus.

Liz Hoffman and Marcelo Prince (April 3, 2020). WSJ. The Month Coronavirus Felled American Business.

K. K. Rebecca Lai (April 3, 2020). NY Times. Are Countries Flattening the Curve for the Coronavirus?

Lindsay Huth et al. (April 2, 2020) WSJ. The Race for Beds, Ventilators: How U.S. Hospitals Are Bracing for a Surge in Coronavirus Patients.

Katie Camero (April 2, 2020). WSJ. Coronavirus Seems to Be Infecting and Killing More Men Than Women.

Umair Irfan (April 2, 2020). Vox. Why it can be so hard to tell if you have Covid-19.

Kai Kupferschmidt (April 2, 2020). Science. These drugs don’t target the coronavirus—they target us.

Rosanna Asselta, Elvezia Maria Paraboschi, Alberto Mantovani et al. (April 2, 2020). MedRxiv. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 variants and expression as candidates to sex and country differences in COVID-19 severity in Italy [ PDF ].

Mislav Novokmet, Maja Pučić Baković, Gordan Lauc (April 1, 2020). GEN. Understanding Glycans in COVID-19 Drug Design.

Katharine Harmon Courage (April 1,2020). Vox. The stark differences in countries’ coronavirus death rates, explained.

Apoorva Mandavilli (April 1, 2020). NY Times. The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.

Alex Leary et al. (April 1, 2020). WSJ. White House Projects 100,000 to 240,000 U.S. Coronavirus Deaths.

Rebecca Trager (March 31, 2020). Chemistry World. Can existing drugs slow Covid-19?

Patricia Callahan et al. (March 30, 2020). ProPublica. Taxpayers Paid Millions to Design a Low-Cost Ventilator for a Pandemic. Instead, the Company Is Selling Versions of It Overseas.

Ayesha Tulloch et al. (March 30, 2020). Science Alert. Feeling Helpless? You Can Actually Contribute to Coronavirus Research From Home.

Tyler Sonnemaker (March 30). Business Insider. New York City is the epicenter of the US coronavirus outbreak — here's how its death and hospitalization rates compare to the rest of the country's.

Nicholas Kulish et al. (March 29, 2020). NY Times. The U.S. Tried to Build a New Fleet of Ventilators. The Mission Failed.

Michael D. Shear et al. (March 28, 2020). NY Times. The Lost Month: How a Failure to Test Blinded the U.S. to Covid-19.

Nevan J. Krogan et al. (March 27, 2020). BioRxiv. A SARS-CoV-2-Human Protein-Protein Interaction Map Reveals Drug Targets and Potential Drug-Repurposing [ PDF ].

Linda Geddes (March 27, 2020). New Scientist. Does a high viral load or infectious dose make covid-19 worse?

Howard Hughes Medical Institute (March 26, 2020). Citizen scientists are helping researchers design new drugs to combat COVID-19.

Ankit B. Patel and Ashish Verma (March 24, 2020). JAMA. COVID-19 and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers What Is the Evidence?

Sorrento (March 24, 2020). Sorrento Collaborates with Mabharm on Development and Commercialization of Ace-Mab™ to Potentially Treat COVID-19 [ PDF ].

Luca Perico, Ariela Benigni and Giuseppe Remuzzi (March 23, 2020). Nephron. Should COVID-19 Concern Nephrologists? Why and to What Extent? The Emerging Impasse of Angiotensin Blockade [ PDF ].

University of Minnesota (March 23, 2020). ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04312009. Losartan for Patients With COVID-19 Requiring Hospitalization.

University of Minnesota (March 23, 2020). ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04311177. Losartan for Patients With COVID-19 Not Requiring Hospitalization.

NUS School of Public Health (March 20, 2020). COVID-19 Science Report: Therapeutics [ PDF ].

Constantine I. Vardavas and Katerina Nikitara (March 20, 2020). Tob Induc Dis. COVID-19 and smoking: A systematic review of the evidence [ PDF ].

Hassan K. Siddiqi and Mandeep R. Mehra (March 20, 2020). J. of Heart & Lung Transplant. COVID-19 Illness in Native and Immunosuppressed States: A Clinical-Therapeutic Staging Proposal [ PDF ].

Matt Arendz, Eric Yim and Lindy Klaff et al. (March 19, 2020). JAMA Research Letter. Characteristics and Outcomes of 21 Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 in Washington State [ PDF ].

Tomas Pueyo (March 19, 2020). Medium. Coronavirus: The Hammer and the Dance.

James L. Olds and Nadine Kabbani (March 18, 2020). FEBS. Is nicotine exposure linked to cardiopulmonary vulnerability to COVID-19 in the general population? [ PDF ]

Yimin Li (March 17, 2020). ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04287686. Recombinant Human Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 (rhACE2) as a Treatment for Patients With COVID-19.

Elissa Driggin, Mahesh Madhavan, Behnood Bikdeli et al. (March 17, 2020). JAC. Cardiovascular Considerations for Patients, Health Care Workers, and Health Systems During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic [ PDF ].

Kristian G. Andersen, Andrew Rambaut, W. Ian Lipkin et al. (March 17, 2020). Nat Med. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2 [ PDF ]. Scripps Research. The COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin, scientists say.

Neil M Ferguson et al. (March 16, 2020). Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand [ PDF ].

Matthew Sparks, Swapnil Hiremath et al. (March 14, 2020). NephJC. The Coronavirus Conundrum: ACE2 and Hypertension Edition.

Daniel Batlle, Jan Wysocki and Karla Satchell (March 13, 2020). Clin Sci 134:543-545. Soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: a potential approach for coronavirus infection therapy? [ PDF ].

Jiawei Chen, Quanlong Jiang, Xian Xia et al. (March 12, 2020). Individual variation of the SARS-CoV2 receptor ACE2 gene expression and regulation [ PDF ].

Lei Fang, George Karakiulakis and Michael Roth (March 11, 2020). Lancet. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? [ PDF ].

Hua Cai (March 11, 2020). Lancet. Sex difference and smoking predisposition in patients with COVID-19 [ PDF ].

Haibo Zhang, Josef M. Penninger, Yimin Li, Nanshan Zhong and Arthur S. Slutsky (March 3, 2020). Intensive Care Med. Angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS‑CoV‑2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target [ PDF ].

Markus Hoffmann, Hannah Kleine-Weber, Simon Schroeder et al. (March 5, 2020). Cell 181:1-10. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor [ PDF ].

David Gurwitz (March 4, 2020). Drug Dev Res. 2020:1-4. Angiotensin receptor blockers as tentative SARS‐CoV‐2 therapeutics [ PDF ].

Dong Chen Jr., Xiaokuni Li, Qifa Song Sr. et al. (Feb 29, 2020). MedRxiv. Hypokalemia and Clinical Implications in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [ PDF ].

Wei-jie Guan, Wen-hua Liang, Yi Zhao et al. (Feb 27, 2020). MedRxiv. Comorbidity and its impact on 1,590 patients with COVID-19 in China: A Nationwide Analysis [ PDF ].

Adam Bernheim, Xueyan Mei, Mingqian Huang et al. (Feb 20, 2020). Radiology. Chest CT Findings in Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19): Relationship to Duration of Infection [ PDF ].

Changhai Lei, Wenyan Fu, Kewen Qian et al. (Feb 3, 2020). BioRxiv. Potent neutralization of 2019 novel coronavirus by recombinant ACE2-Ig [ PDF ].

Boehringer Ingelheim (2019). Product Portfolio [ PDF ].

Jan Wysocki, Arndt Schulze, and Daniel Batlle (Dec 17, 2020). Biomolecules. Novel Variants of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 of Shorter Molecular Size to Target the Kidney Renin Angiotensin System [ PDF ].

FDA (Nov 2019). Adaptive Designs for Clinical Trials of Drugs and Biologics Guidance for Industry [ PDF ].

Takashi Iwanaga, Yuji Tohda, Shuhei Nakamura et al. (Aug 3, 2019). Clin Drug Investig 39:1021-1030. The Respimat® Soft Mist Inhaler: Implications of Drug Delivery Characteristics for Patients [ PDF ].

Omar S. Usmani (March 14, 2019). Ther Clin Risk Manag 15:461-472. Choosing the right inhaler for your asthma or COPD patient [ PDF ].

Joshua M. Oakes, Robert M. Fuchs, Jason D. Gardner, Eric Lazartigues, and Xinping Yue (Oct 20, 2018). Nicotine and the renin-angiotensin system [ PDF ].

Andrea Handel, Yan Li, Brian McKay et al. (Oct 1, 2018). Exploring the impact of inoculum dose on host immunity and morbidity to inform model-based vaccine design [ PDF ].

Xinping Yue, Tyler M. Basting, Thomas W. Flanagan et al. (April 2018). Ann Am Thorac Soc. Nicotine Downregulates the Compensatory Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor of the Renin–Angiotensin System [ PDF ].

Kristian Thorlund, Jonas Haggstrom, Jay J.H. Park et al. (March 8, 2018). BMJ 360:k698. Key design considerations for adaptive clinical trials: a primer for clinicians [ PDF ].

Philip Pallmann, Alun W. Bedding, Babak Choodari-Oskooei et al. (Feb 28, 2018). BMC Medicine 16:29. Adaptive designs in clinical trials: why use them, and how to run and report them [ PDF ].

Jeremy G. Clarke (2017). DDL. Where have all the inhaled biologics gone? [ PDF ]

GlaxoSmithKline (Sept 28, 2017). ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01597635. The Safety, Tolerability, PK and PD of GSK2586881 in Patients With Acute Lung Injury.

Akram Khan, Cody Benthin, Brian Zeno et al. (Sept 7, 2017). Crit Care 21:234-252. A pilot clinical trial of recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in acute respiratory distress syndrome [ PDF ].

David Cippola (Aug 8, 2016). Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 13:10, 1337-1340. Will pulmonary drug delivery for systemic application ever fulfill its rich promise? [ PDF ]

Sidra Waheed, Joan M. Cabot, Niall P. Macdonald et al. (April 25, 2016). Lab on a Chip. 3D printed microfluidic devices: enablers and barriers [ PDF ]

Reed F. Beall, Jason W. Nickerson, Warren A. Kaplan et al. (Feb 24, 2016). PLOS. Is Patent “Evergreening” Restricting Access to Medicine/Device Combination Products? [ PDF ]

Hongjing Gu, Zhengde Xie, Tieling Li et al. (Jan 27, 2016). Sci Rep 6:19840. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibits lung injury induced by respiratory syncytial virus [ PDF ].

Frank S. Heldt, Sascha Y. Kupke, Sebastian Dorl, Udo Reichl and Timo Frensing (Nov 20, 2015). Single-cell analysis and stochastic modelling unveil large cell-to-cell variability in influenza A virus infection [ PDF ].

Philip D. Minor (May 2015). Virology 479-480 379-392. Live attenuated vaccines: Historical successes and current challenges [ PDF ].

Mariam Ibrahim, Rahul Verma and Lucila Garcia-Contreras (Feb 12, 2015). Med Devices 8:131-139. Inhalation drug delivery devices: technology update [ PDF ].

Matthew R. Deshotels, Huijing Xia, Srinivas Sriramula et al. (Sept 15, 2014). Hypertension 64:1368-1375. Angiotensin II Mediates Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Type 2 Internalization and Degradation Through an Angiotensin II Type I Receptor–Dependent Mechanism [ PDF ].

Federico Lavorini, Giovanni A. Fontana and Omar S. Usmani (May 27, 2014). Respiration 88:3-15. New Inhaler Devices – The Good, the Bad and the Ugly [ PDF ].

Adeyemi O. Adedeji, William Severson, Colleen Jonsson et al. (July 2013). J. Virol 87(14):8017-8028. Novel Inhibitors of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Entry That Act by Three Distinct Mechanisms [ PDF ].

Richard N. Dalby, Joachim Eicher and Bernd Zierenberg (Sept 1, 2011). Medical Devices: Evidence & Research 4:145-155. Development of Respimat® Soft Mist™ Inhaler and its clinical utility in respiratory disorders [ PDF ].

Keiji Kuba, Yumiko Imai, Takayo Ohto-Nakanishi and Josef M. Penninger (Oct 2010). Phamacol Ther 128:119-128. Trilogy of ACE2: A peptidase in the renin–angiotensin system, a SARS receptor, and a partner for amino acid transporters [ PDF ].

Rajiv Mahajan and Kapil Gupta (Aug 2010). Indian J Pharmacol 42:201-207. Adaptive design clinical trials: Methodology, challenges and prospect.

A. Malhotra and D. Hillman (October 2008). Thorax 63:925-931. Obesity and the lung: Obesity, respiration and intensive care [ PDF ].

Diane S. Leland and Christine C. Ginocchio (Jan 2007). Clin Microbiol Rev. 20:49-78. Role of Cell Culture for Virus Detection in the Age of Technology [ PDF ].

FDA (Sept 2006). Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff: Early Development Considerations for Innovative Combination Products [ PDF ].

Keiji Kuba, Yumiko Imai, Shuan Rao et al. (July 5, 2005). Nat Med 11:875-879. A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus–induced lung injury [ PDF ].

Thomas Morrow (Sept 2004). Biotechnology Healthcare. Defining the Difference: What Makes Biologics Unique [ PDF ].

Brian J. O’Connor (Feb 2004). Resp Med. The ideal inhaler: design and characteristics to improve outcomes [ PDF ].

Michael G. Levitsky (1984). Effects of Aging on the Respiratory System [ PDF ].